A Civil War by Claudio Pavone Read Free Book Online Page B

1985, p. 258.
    76 The document, preserved in the Historic Museum of the Folgore Parachute Brigade, is cited in M. Di Giovanni’s degree thesis, which also quotes a police report of 20 July 1943 describing the airmen of Ciampino airport who took to the country after an air-raid and who, the following morning, ‘were wandering along the via Appia, several kilometres from the field, without their jackets, with a blanket over their shoulders and a flask in their hands’.
    77 An observation of this sort is in Zangrandi,
1943
, p. 22.
    78 See Borrini, Mignemi and Muratore,
Parlare
, p. 22. Gastone, for the time being, chose to disguise himself as a military chaplain.
    79 Testimony in
La Repubblica
, 7 September 1983.
    80 Battaglia,
Un uomo
, p. 19.
    81 P. Chiodi,
Banditi
, Turin: Einaudi, 1975, p. 15 (9 September).
    82 L. Bocci, ‘Ricordi di un allievo ufficiale’, in Bilenchi,
Cronache degli anni neri
, p. 40.
    83 Testimony by Marina Azzoni Soldat (
CU
).
    84 D. L. Bianco,
Guerra partigiana
, Turin: Einaudi, 1973, pp. 6–7.
    85 Borrini, Mignemi and Muratore, eds,
Parlare
, p. 23.
    86 A. Gobetti,
Diario partigiano
, Turin: Einaudi, 1972, p. 23.
    87 Testimony by Elsa Oliva in Bruzzone and Farina,
La Resistenza taciuta
, p. 127.
    88 Testimony by Olimpio Zuffa (
CU
).
    89 Gobetti,
Diario partigiano
, pp. 26, 21.
    90 See G. Carocci,
Il campo degli ufficiali
, Turin: Einaudi, 1954, p. 26. A colleague had said ‘let’s flee too’; and Carocci writes: ‘But it bothered me for the sake of the soldiers’ (p. 25).
    91 Mazzantini,
A cercar la bella morte
, p. 18.
    92 This, for example, is what Gorrieri writes in
La Repubblica di Montefiorino
(p. 28). On the pillaging that took place in Milan, see E. Tortereto, ‘Notizie sul movimento operaio in Milano dal 25 luglio 1943 al marzo 1944’, in
Il Movimento di liberazione in Italia
, July 1956, 43, pp. 16–41; on those that occurred in Lazio, V. Tedesco, ‘Vita di guerra, Resistenza, dopoguerra in provincia di Roma’, in Gallerano, ed.,
L’altro dopoguerra
, p. 226.
    93 A proclamation of September of the German military command of Modena (
Fondo RSI
, no. 313).
    94 On the huge amount of booty captured by the Germans in Italy, see Zangrandi,
1943
, pp. 379–81, and G. Bocca,
La Repubblica di Mussolini
, Bari: Laterza, 1977, p. 67.
    95 Mussolini is ‘the last Roman, but behind his powerful figure a people of gypsies will end up putrefying’ (10 September). The previous day Goebbels had written: ‘I presume that the Italians, who put their hands up in every theatre of war, will do the same when they find themselves facing German soldiers’ (quoted in E. Ragionieri,
Italia giudicata
, Turin: Einaudi, 1976, pp. 796, 795). In agreement with his minister, the diary of a German soldier in Italy (G. Nebel,
Unter Partisanen und Krezfahrern
, Stuttgart, 1950) describes ‘splendidly’, according to Schmitt, ‘when a large regular army dissolves and, as a mob, is either exterminated by the local population or itself turns to killing and plundering’ (C. Schmitt,
Theory of the Partisan
, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2004, p. 71).
    96 I. Calvino, ‘Angoscia in caserma’, in
Ultimo viene il corvo
, Turin: Einaudi, 1976, pp. 102–3.
    97 See Zangrandi,
1943
, p. 129; E. Forcella, ‘Un black-out ante litteram, come e perché giornali e radio non parlano dell’8 settembre’, in
Il Manifesto
, 9 September 1983.
    98 ‘Una seconda Caporetto’ (‘A second Caporetto’), says an elderly station-master of Mestre. See Benelli,
Un ponte fra due castelli
, p. 80.
    99 See A. Degli Espinosa,
Il Regno del Sud
, Rome: Migliaresi, 1946, p. 81.
    100 I have had to omit specific references to the situation created after 8 September in the Balkans and the Aegean islands between the Italian occupying troops, where ‘those who had a shred of common sense started to cry, because for us the worst was beginning’ (testimony by Antonio Paccagnella in Bravo and Jalla,
La vita offesa
, p. 79).
    101