the United States. To those who were there and whom I have not mentioned in person, thank you. For their help in the final stages of the writing process, I am also enormously grateful to Charles Grench, Beth Lassiter, Brian MacDonald, and Ron Maner at the University of North Carolina Press, and to Michael Taber, who took the time to help me improve the manuscript. Needless to say, any errors or mistakes that follow are entirely my own.
The research and years I have dedicated to this project would simply not have been possible without the generous financial assistance I received as a doctoral student from the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC), the International History Department at the LSE, and the University of London’s Central Research Fund. In particular, the AHRC’s doctoral scholarship and Study Abroad Grant allowed me to kick-start the project by funding extended research trips to Washington, Santiago, Brasilia, and Havana in 2004. The University of London’s Central Research Fund and the International History department’s travel bursaries and staff research fund then provided me with funds to return to Washington, Cuba, and Chile over the course of the next six years to conduct further archival research and interviews. I am also grateful to the Institute of History at the PUC in Chile for having paid for my travel to and living expenses in Santiago over the course of my stay there as a visiting professor in 2010.
Last but by no means least, I would like to say a special thanks to my friends outside of the world of academia and to members of my family, who either read bits of the book, gave me their heartfelt support over the years, or both. Words are not enough to express the gratitude I feel toward them, and I would certainly not be where I am now without them. I would especially like to thank my sister Jessy, Mark and Claire Plumb, Katie Plumb and Ian Jasper, Lindsay Evans, Kate Annand, Erin O’Connor, Javier Urrutia Denicola, Frederico Matos, the girls from 45 Ash Grove, and Tom Newman. Most of all, however, I would like to thank my parents, Anita and Jeremy, who not only endured the worst of a lengthy writing process with me but also made the best of it possible by opening my eyes to the world, encouraging me to discover it, and offering me love and support along the way.
Abbreviations
AID
Agency for International Development, Department of State, United States
ARA
Bureau of Inter-American Affairs, Department of State, United States (The abbreviation is based on the bureau’s earlier name, Office of American Republic Affairs.)
CIA
Central Intelligence Agency, United States
CODE
Confederación Democrática (Democratic Confederation), Chile
COMECON
Council for Mutual Economic Assistance
DGLN
Departamento General de Liberación Nacional (General National Liberation Department), Ministry of the Interior, Cuba
DIA
Defense Intelligence Agency, United States
ELN
Ejército de Liberación Nacional (National Liberation Army), Bolivia, Chile
ENU
Escuela Nacional Unificada (Unified National School System), Chile
ERP
Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (Revolutionary Army of the People), Argentina
Eximbank
Export-Import Bank, United States
G77
Group of 77
GAP
Grupo de Amigos Personales (Group of Personal Friends)
GOC
Government of Chile
IBRD
International Bank of Reconstruction and Development
IDB
Inter-American Development Bank
INR
Bureau of Intelligence and Research, Department of State, United States
IPC
International Petroleum Company
ITT
International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation
JCR
Junta Coordinadora Revolucionaria (Revolutionary Coordinating Junta)
MAPU
Movimiento de Acción Popular Unitario (Movement of Popular Unitary Action), Chile
MINREX
Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores (Foreign Ministry), Cuba
MIR
Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria (Movement of the Revolutionary Left), Chile
NSC
National Security Council, United States
NSDM
National Security Decision Memorandum
NSSM
National