Defending Constantine: The Twilight of an Empire and the Dawn of Christendom by Peter J. Leithart Read Free Book Online Page A
Authors: Peter J. Leithart
Tags: Non-Fiction
Augustus.
'Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Civilisprinceps: Between Citizen and King," Journal ofRoman Studies 72 (1982).
'Quoted in H. A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 52. This summary of the constitutional system of the Principate comes from ibid., pp. 35-53.
6Cameron, Later Roman Empire, pp. 3-4; Charles Matson Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 17-19; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, pp. 18-19; Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 158-62.
'Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 38.
101bid., p. 35; Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 24; Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 294-95. A picture of the relief is found in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, ed. Noel Lenski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), figure 6.
"Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 38;Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 36.
12Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 5-6.
7jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 14.
'Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 54.
"Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 277-78.
"On the horoscope, see ibid., p. 107; on Augustus's iconography and religious claims, see S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1984); Paul Zanker, The Power ofImages in the Age of Augustus, trans. Alan Shapiro (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990); Ethelbert Stauffer, Christ and the Caesars: Historical Sketches, trans. K. and R. Gregor Smith (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955).
13Dio Cassius, Roman History, 71.8; c£ Potter, Roman Empire, p. 30.
16See Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 207-20.
"Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 20-23.
20Ibid., 48.
21Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 43; see also Cameron, Later Roman Empire, p. 42; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine the Great, pp. 51-52; MacMullen, Constantine; Raymond Van Dam, The Roman Revolution of Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 17.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 118.
"Xenophon, quoted in ibid., 47.
22Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 17.
23Ibid., p. 15. Later emperors imposed taxes on the cities of Italy and eventually on Rome itself. Fees piled on top of fees: tax collectors often charged taxpayers for the privilege of receiving a receipt (ibid., p. 17). Among other effects, the Antonine Constitution arguably devalued citizenship in the eyes of Romans (Corcoran, "Before Constantine").
24Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 4-5, 24-25.
25The summary of the decree comes from J. B. Rives, "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of Empire," Journal ofRoman Studies 89 (1999): 137; Rives assembles the contents of the decree, which is no longer extant, from the fragmentary existing evidence. For the libelli, see John R. Knipfing, "The Libelli of the Decian Persecution," Harvard Theological Review 16, no. 4 (1923): 345-90. A brief summary is available in Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 241-45; Potter believes that the edict may have partly been Decius's effort to distance himself from his predecessor, Philip the Arab, who was sympathetic to Christianity and rumored to have been a Christian. On Philip, see also Warwick Ball, Rome in the East: The Transformation ofan Empire (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 417-18.
28Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 14.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 243.
27Ibid., p. 255.
29See R. R. R. Smith, "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Fourth Century," Journal ofRoman Studies 87 (1997): 179.
30For a summary of the changes in the administration of the empire that accompanied these military and social shifts, see Corcoran, "Before Constantine," pp. 45-47. Drake, Constantine and
'Andrew Wallace-Hadrill, "Civilisprinceps: Between Citizen and King," Journal ofRoman Studies 72 (1982).
'Quoted in H. A. Drake, Constantine and the Bishops: The Politics of Intolerance (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000), p. 52. This summary of the constitutional system of the Principate comes from ibid., pp. 35-53.
6Cameron, Later Roman Empire, pp. 3-4; Charles Matson Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire (London: Routledge, 2004), pp. 17-19; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine, pp. 18-19; Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, pp. 158-62.
'Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 38.
101bid., p. 35; Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 24; Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 294-95. A picture of the relief is found in The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Constantine, ed. Noel Lenski (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006), figure 6.
"Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 38;Odahl, Constantine and the Christian Empire, p. 36.
12Ramsay MacMullen, Constantine (London: Croom Helm, 1987), pp. 5-6.
7jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 14.
'Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 54.
"Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 277-78.
"On the horoscope, see ibid., p. 107; on Augustus's iconography and religious claims, see S. R. F. Price, Rituals and Power: The Roman Imperial Cult in Asia Minor (Cambridge: University of Cambridge Press, 1984); Paul Zanker, The Power ofImages in the Age of Augustus, trans. Alan Shapiro (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1990); Ethelbert Stauffer, Christ and the Caesars: Historical Sketches, trans. K. and R. Gregor Smith (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955).
13Dio Cassius, Roman History, 71.8; c£ Potter, Roman Empire, p. 30.
16See Price, Rituals and Power, pp. 207-20.
"Elizabeth DePalma Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire: Lactantius and Rome (Ithaca, N.Y.: Cornell University Press, 2000), pp. 20-23.
20Ibid., 48.
21Corcoran, "Before Constantine," p. 43; see also Cameron, Later Roman Empire, p. 42; Burckhardt, Age of Constantine the Great, pp. 51-52; MacMullen, Constantine; Raymond Van Dam, The Roman Revolution of Constantine (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 17.
"Drake, Constantine and the Bishops, p. 118.
"Xenophon, quoted in ibid., 47.
22Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 17.
23Ibid., p. 15. Later emperors imposed taxes on the cities of Italy and eventually on Rome itself. Fees piled on top of fees: tax collectors often charged taxpayers for the privilege of receiving a receipt (ibid., p. 17). Among other effects, the Antonine Constitution arguably devalued citizenship in the eyes of Romans (Corcoran, "Before Constantine").
24Digeser, Making ofa Christian Empire, pp. 4-5, 24-25.
25The summary of the decree comes from J. B. Rives, "The Decree of Decius and the Religion of Empire," Journal ofRoman Studies 89 (1999): 137; Rives assembles the contents of the decree, which is no longer extant, from the fragmentary existing evidence. For the libelli, see John R. Knipfing, "The Libelli of the Decian Persecution," Harvard Theological Review 16, no. 4 (1923): 345-90. A brief summary is available in Potter, Roman Empire, pp. 241-45; Potter believes that the edict may have partly been Decius's effort to distance himself from his predecessor, Philip the Arab, who was sympathetic to Christianity and rumored to have been a Christian. On Philip, see also Warwick Ball, Rome in the East: The Transformation ofan Empire (London: Routledge, 2000), pp. 417-18.
28Jones, Constantine and the Conversion ofEurope, p. 14.
"Potter, Roman Empire, p. 243.
27Ibid., p. 255.
29See R. R. R. Smith, "The Public Image of Licinius I: Portrait Sculpture and Imperial Ideology in the Fourth Century," Journal ofRoman Studies 87 (1997): 179.
30For a summary of the changes in the administration of the empire that accompanied these military and social shifts, see Corcoran, "Before Constantine," pp. 45-47. Drake, Constantine and
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