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anything that appeared to deviate from the status quo, from physics to social science to literature and art. As Daniel Pick argues, ‘Degeneration involved at once a scenario of racial decline (potentially implicating everyone in thesociety) and an explanation of “otherness”, securing the identity of, variously, the scientist, (white) man, bourgeoisie against superstition, fiction, darkness, femininity, the masses, effete aristocracy.’ Daniel Pick,
Faces of Degeneration: A European Disorder 1848–1918
(Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993), pp. 230–31.
    38 .  At the time of his death Stoker owned a five-volume quarto edition of Johann Caspar Lavater’s
Essays on Physiognomy
(1789). David Glover,
Vampires, Mummies and Liberals: Bram Stoker and the Politics of Popular Fiction
(Durham and London: Duke University Press, 1996), p. 72.
    39 .  Stoker, ‘The Censorship of Fiction’, p. 156.

Further Reading
    Although an enormous number of books have been written about
Dracula
, there is a remarkable dearth of critical literature on Bram Stoker’s other novels and stories. For a comprehensive list of
Dracula
criticism, readers should consult Maurice Hindle’s ‘Further Reading’ in the Penguin Classics edition of
Dracula
. The list that follows concentrates on criticism that looks beyond Stoker’s most renowned work.
BIOGRAPHY
    Barbara Belford,
Bram Stoker: A Biography of the Author of ‘Dracula’
(New York: Alfred Knopf, and London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1996). The author describes her book as ‘the first Stoker biography to make use of unpublished letters and manuscripts from private collections and university archives in Britain, Ireland and the United States’.
    Daniel Farson,
The Man Who Wrote ‘Dracula’: A Biography of Bram Stoker
(London: Michael Joseph, 1975). The first of Stoker’s biographers to argue for the author’s contraction of syphilis.
    Harry Ludlum,
A Biography of Dracula: The Life Story of Bram Stoker
(London: W. Foulsham & Co. Ltd, 1962). Ludlum worked in close collaboration with Stoker’s son, Noel, to write the first biography of the author.
    Paul Murray,
From the Shadow of ‘Dracula’: A Life of Bram Stoker
(London: Jonathan Cape, 2004). The most recent biography of Stoker, in which the author’s life, rather than his work, is the primary focus.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
    Richard Dalby and William Hughes,
Bram Stoker: A Bibliography
(Westcliff-on-Sea, Essex: Desert Island Books, 2004).
ESSAYS AND ARTICLES
    Antonio Ballesteros González, ‘Portraits, Rats and Other Dangereous Things: Bram Stoker’s “The Judge’s House”, in
That Other World: The Supernatural and the Fantastic in Irish Literature and its Contexts
, ed. Bruce Stewart, vol. 2 (Gerrards Cross: Colin Smyth Ltd, 1998).
    William Hughes, ‘“The Fighting Quality”: Physiognomy, Masculinity and Degeneration in Bram Stoker’s Later Fiction’, in
Fictions of Unease: The Gothic from Otranto to The X-Files
, eds. Andrew Smith, Diane Mason and William Hughes (Bath: Sulis Press, 2002).
    Lillian Nayder, ‘Virgin Territory and the Iron Virgin: Engendering the Empire in Bram Stoker’s “The Squaw” ’, in
Visions of Motherhood and Sexuality in Britain, 1875–1925
, eds. Claudia Nelson and Ann Sumner Holmes (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1997).
    David Punter, ‘Echoes in the Animal House:
The Lair of the White Worm
’, in
Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic
, eds. William Hughes and Andrew Smith (Basingstoke: Macmillan, 1998).
    David Seed, ‘Eruptions of the Primitive into the Present:
The Jewel of Seven Stars
and
The Lair of the White Worm
’, in
Bram Stoker: History, Psychoanalysis and the Gothic
, eds. Hughes and Smith.
    Carol Senf, ‘
Dracula
and
The Lair of the White Worm
’. Bram Stoker’s Commentary on Victorian Science’,
Gothic Studies
, 2/2 (2000): 218–31.
RELATED TEXTS AND STUDIES
    Joseph Andriano,
Our Ladies of Darkness: Feminine Daemonology in Male Gothic Fiction
(University Park: