God's War: A New History of the Crusades by Christopher Tyerman Read Free Book Online Page B
Authors: Christopher Tyerman
world of the Near East, where political power and much of the internal trade were landlocked and timber was in shortening supply, gave the western attackers after 1095 their one clear military advantage.
Yet even where their military training was of least use, the elite mounted warrior played a vital role. As social leaders, they provided the money, the command structures, occasionally military knowledge.Medieval armies were collected by coercion, loyalty, the incentive of cash and idealism. The knightly classes habitually provided the first three; with the crusades they supplied the fourth as well.
The First Crusade
1
Frankish Outremer
5
The Second Crusade
8
10
The Third Crusade
11
12
13
14
The Fourth Crusade
15
16
17
The Expansion of Crusading
18
19
20
21
The Defence of Outremer
22
23
24
The Later Crusades
25
26
1. Jerusalem and its environs c .1100: the Holy City in the eyes of western Christendom.
2. Urban II consecrating the high altar at Cluny during his preaching tour of France, October 1095; see p. 63 .
3. Peter the Hermit leading his crusaders.
4. Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium 1081–1118.
5. The church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem idealized in later medieval western imagination.
6. The front cover of the Psalter of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (1131–52); see p. 210 .
7. Saladin: a contemporary Arab view.
8. The battle of Hattin, 4 July 1187: Saladin seizing the True Cross, a fictional scene visualized by the monk Matthew Paris of St Alban’s ( d . 1259).
9. Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, dressed as a crusader c .1188, receiving a copy of Robert of Rheims’s popular history of the First Crusade. The inscription exhorts Frederick to fight the ‘Saracens’. See pp. 245, 418.
10. Embarking on crusade, showing, among others, the banners of the kings of France and England, from the statutes of the fourteenth-century chivalric Order of the Knot, dedicated to the Holy Spirit; see p. 855 .
11. Women helping besiege a city, as at the siege of Acre 1190; see pp. 396–7, 415, 428.
12. The western image of war in the Holy Land: Joshua, in the guise of a Frankish knight, liberates Gibeon from the Five Kings, an episode in the Book of Joshua (10:6–13) from an illuminated Bible commissioned for the crusading court of Louis IX of France c .1244–54.
13. Military orchestra of the kind employed by Turkish, Kurdish and Mamluk commanders, see p. 821 .
14. Pope Innocent III (1198–1216).
15. Venice c .1400.
16. Innocent III and the Albigensian Crusade.
17. Neighbours at war: Moors fighting Christians in thirteenth-century Spain.
18. The Fifth Crusade: a clash between Frankish and Egyptian forces outside Damietta, June 1218, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora, c .1255.
19. The Fifth Crusade: the capture of the Tower of Chains by Oliver of Paderborn’s floating fortress, August 1218 ( left ), and the fall of Damietta, November 1219 ( right ), from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora, c .1255.
20. Frederick II, emperor, king of Germany 1212–50, ruler, crusader, polymath and falconry expert.
21. Louis IX of France captures Damietta, June 1249, from a manuscript produced at Acre c .1280. Not a cross in sight; instead the crusaders bear the royal emblem of France, the fleur de lis; see p. 909 .
22. Outremer’s nemesis: Mamluk warriors training.
23. Outremer’s nemesis: a Turkish cavalry squadron.
24. The battle of La Forbie, October 1244: a Khwarazmian and Egyptian army annihilate a Frankish-Damascene force; see p. 771 .
25. Matthew Paris imagines the Mongols as cannibalistic savages, Chronica Majora, c .1255.
26. The fall of Tripoli to the Mamluks, April 1289; see p. 817 .
27. Charles V of France entertains Charles IV of Germany during a banquet in Paris in 1378 with a lavish show of the siege of Jerusalem of 1099, possibly stage-managed by Philip of Mézières, perhaps the figure in black shown in the left
Yet even where their military training was of least use, the elite mounted warrior played a vital role. As social leaders, they provided the money, the command structures, occasionally military knowledge.Medieval armies were collected by coercion, loyalty, the incentive of cash and idealism. The knightly classes habitually provided the first three; with the crusades they supplied the fourth as well.
The First Crusade
1
Frankish Outremer
5
The Second Crusade
8
10
The Third Crusade
11
12
13
14
The Fourth Crusade
15
16
17
The Expansion of Crusading
18
19
20
21
The Defence of Outremer
22
23
24
The Later Crusades
25
26
1. Jerusalem and its environs c .1100: the Holy City in the eyes of western Christendom.
2. Urban II consecrating the high altar at Cluny during his preaching tour of France, October 1095; see p. 63 .
3. Peter the Hermit leading his crusaders.
4. Alexius I Comnenus, emperor of Byzantium 1081–1118.
5. The church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem idealized in later medieval western imagination.
6. The front cover of the Psalter of Queen Melisende of Jerusalem (1131–52); see p. 210 .
7. Saladin: a contemporary Arab view.
8. The battle of Hattin, 4 July 1187: Saladin seizing the True Cross, a fictional scene visualized by the monk Matthew Paris of St Alban’s ( d . 1259).
9. Frederick I Barbarossa, emperor of Germany, dressed as a crusader c .1188, receiving a copy of Robert of Rheims’s popular history of the First Crusade. The inscription exhorts Frederick to fight the ‘Saracens’. See pp. 245, 418.
10. Embarking on crusade, showing, among others, the banners of the kings of France and England, from the statutes of the fourteenth-century chivalric Order of the Knot, dedicated to the Holy Spirit; see p. 855 .
11. Women helping besiege a city, as at the siege of Acre 1190; see pp. 396–7, 415, 428.
12. The western image of war in the Holy Land: Joshua, in the guise of a Frankish knight, liberates Gibeon from the Five Kings, an episode in the Book of Joshua (10:6–13) from an illuminated Bible commissioned for the crusading court of Louis IX of France c .1244–54.
13. Military orchestra of the kind employed by Turkish, Kurdish and Mamluk commanders, see p. 821 .
14. Pope Innocent III (1198–1216).
15. Venice c .1400.
16. Innocent III and the Albigensian Crusade.
17. Neighbours at war: Moors fighting Christians in thirteenth-century Spain.
18. The Fifth Crusade: a clash between Frankish and Egyptian forces outside Damietta, June 1218, from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora, c .1255.
19. The Fifth Crusade: the capture of the Tower of Chains by Oliver of Paderborn’s floating fortress, August 1218 ( left ), and the fall of Damietta, November 1219 ( right ), from Matthew Paris’s Chronica Majora, c .1255.
20. Frederick II, emperor, king of Germany 1212–50, ruler, crusader, polymath and falconry expert.
21. Louis IX of France captures Damietta, June 1249, from a manuscript produced at Acre c .1280. Not a cross in sight; instead the crusaders bear the royal emblem of France, the fleur de lis; see p. 909 .
22. Outremer’s nemesis: Mamluk warriors training.
23. Outremer’s nemesis: a Turkish cavalry squadron.
24. The battle of La Forbie, October 1244: a Khwarazmian and Egyptian army annihilate a Frankish-Damascene force; see p. 771 .
25. Matthew Paris imagines the Mongols as cannibalistic savages, Chronica Majora, c .1255.
26. The fall of Tripoli to the Mamluks, April 1289; see p. 817 .
27. Charles V of France entertains Charles IV of Germany during a banquet in Paris in 1378 with a lavish show of the siege of Jerusalem of 1099, possibly stage-managed by Philip of Mézières, perhaps the figure in black shown in the left
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