ago.”
Alan Butler and Christopher Knight, best-selling authors of the alternative history Civilization One , have pointed to further evidence that the human race developed far earlier than believed. Butler and Knight described a large-scale gene-mapping program by researchers at deCODE Genetics in Reykjavik, Iceland, which found that it was possible to date the origin of a genetic difference among nearly thirty thousand Icelandic women. This was accomplished by counting the number of DNA differences from normal DNA. This study indicated that the differences began about three million years ago, long before modern humans were thought to have evolved.
The study of DNA also supports the idea that genetic connections can be found in a wide diversity of the human population, indicating widespread early migration and genetic mingling. Author Gavin Menzies found support for such far-flung travel in an unexpected place. In the study of human DNA, mitochondrial DNA carries a rare genetic marker, or haplogroup, called haplogroup X. Even rarer is haplogroup X2, which has been found in the Caucasus Mountain region, the Mediterranean, and, surprisingly, among the Ojibwa Native Americans living primarily around Lake Superior.
Analyzing blood gave credence to the idea of an island in the mid-Atlantic. In his 1978 book, Our Ancestors Came from Outer Space , aerospace engineer Maurice Chatelain, who helped conceive and design the Apollo spacecraft that journeyed to the moon, reported that five Incan mummies in the British Museum contained a blood type unlike that of their American neighbors but identical to the Basque population found on the Atlantic coasts of Spain and France. One even had an Rh factor not found elsewhere on Earth. Unfortunately, this intriguing study, conducted by a British scientist in 1952, cannot now be duplicated, as the mummies were destroyed when a water pipe burst in the basement of the British Museum. It is unclear if this was sheer accident. Chatelain also noted that the mummification processes of the Mayans and the Incas were the same as those of the Egyptians and Sumerians.
Fossilized bones found in China have been carbon-dated to more than 11,500 years ago and indicate that a previously unknown type of humanoid was living at the same time as modern humans. Termed the Red Deer Cave people because of the now-extinct red deer they cooked and ate, these fossils exhibit an unusual mixture of features both from modern humans and something else. Stone artifacts found at the site also suggest they were toolmakers.
The Red Deer Cave people fossils exhibited long, broad, and tall frontal lobes like modern humans. But they differed from modern Homo sapiens in having prominent brow ridges, thick skull bones, flat upper faces with a broad nose, jutting jaws lacking a humanlike chin, brains moderate in size by ice-age human standards, large molars, and primitively short parietal lobes, brain lobes at the top of the head associated with sensory data. “These are primitive features seen in our ancestors hundreds of thousands of years ago,” commented Darren Curnoe, a paleoanthropologist with the University of New South Wales in Australia. Scientists said the mixture of features made them difficult to classify either as a new species or an unusual type of modern human. “In short, they’re anatomically unique among all members of the human evolutionary tree,” said Curnoe.
In 2010, archaeologists found evidence in the Buttermilk Creek complex forty miles northwest of Austin, Texas, that proved humans were in the Americas as early as 15,500 years ago—around 1,500 years earlier than previously believed. “This is the oldest credible archaeological site in North America,” said team leader Michael R. Waters, director of the Center for the Study of the First Americans at Texas A&M University.
The squabble over Darwinism is not confined to religious fundamentalists. However, any mainstream scientists and academics who