School Lunch Politics by Susan Levine Read Free Book Online

396.
    33. Cummings, The American and His Food, 204–5. He recounts the objections of meat packers to nutritionists’ advice to eat less meat in warm weather. He also notes that the millers’ association resisted efforts to promote whole grains instead of white flour. Also see Dupont, “Reflections,” 3.
    34. U.S. Department of Agriculture, “Principles of Nutrition and Nutritive Value of Food,” Miscellaneous Publication no. 546, Washington, D.C. (1944), 67. The RDAs also recommended 85–100 grams of protein for teenaged boys and 75–80 for girls “regardless of the degree of activity.” The protein RDAs for men were 100 and for women 60, but for pregnant women 85 and for lactating women 100 (12).
    35. Roberts, “Beginnings,” 107. Also see Harold G. Halcrow, Food Policy for America (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1977), 519. Hazel Steibeling is largely credited with guiding the discussion, but there is, apparently, no written record of her contribution. See Harper, “Contributions”; Dupont, “Reflections” and Susan Welsh, “A Brief History of Food Guides in the United States,” Nutrition Today, December 1992.
    36. Cummings, The American and His Food, 233. Also see Michael Worboys, “The Discovery of Colonial Malnutrition between the Wars,” in David Arnold, Imperial Medicine and Indigeneous Societies (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1988).
    37. Marion Nestle and Donna V. Porter, “Evolution of Federal Dietary Guidance Policy: From Food Adequacy to Chronic Disease Prevention,” Caduceus (Summer 1990): 47.
    38. “Experts Map Plan of Diet Education for Our Defense,” New York Times, January 22, 1941.
    39. Nestle and Porter, “Evolution,” 43.
    40. Senate Hearings, 1944, p. 91.
    41. Office of War Information, Department of Agriculture, Press Release, April 1, 1943, USDA History Collection, 1.2/20, Types of Diets 1942–46, IV A 2a(2), Special Collections, National Agricultural Library.
    42. Roberts maintained that the RDAs were meant to be “goals,” not absolute amounts of nutrients required by each individual. They were meant to be estimates of what was needed for good health, not minimums. The fact that the RDAs were taken as requirements rather than goals reflects the problem with popularizing scientific research. The subtleties are lost. See ch. 7 on Mollie Orshansky.
    43. M.F.K. Fisher, How to Cook a Wolf (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1988), 4–6; and Susan Ware, ed., Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary, Completing the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 2004), 41–13.
    44. For the shift to the WFA, see “Child Nutrition Programs: Issues for the 101st Congress,” School Food Service Research Review 13, no. 1 (1989): 28. On the Type A, B, and C meals, see Gunderson, “The National School Lunch Program.”
    45. House Hearings, 1945, p. 216. In all cases, the only milk subsidized was whole milk.
    46. See Rima Apple, Vitamania: Vitamins in American Culture (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, 1996), and L. S. Sims, The Politics of Fat: Food and Nutrition Policy in America (Amonk, N.Y.: M. E. Sharpe, 1998).
    47. On Mead, see Dolores Janiewski and Lois W. Banner, Reading Benedict/Reading Mead: Feminism, Race, and Imperial Vision (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2004); Phyllis Gosskurth, Margaret Mead (London: Penguin Press, 1988); and Mary Catherine Bateson, With a Daughter’s Eye: A Memoir of Margaret Mead and Gregory Bateson (New York: W. Morrow, 1984).
    48. Margaret Mead, “The Relationship between Food Habits and Problems of Wartime Emergency Feeding,” May 1942, typescript, Martha May Eliot Papers, Box 17, Folder 236.”
    49. Druzilla C. Kent, “Nutrition Education in the School Program,” School Life 26 (1941); 14. Reprint by Federal Security Agency. Also see United States