Cardiac/Vascular Nurse Exam Secrets Study Guide by Mometrix Media Read Free Book Online Page B
Authors: Mometrix Media
is a protective mechanism to remove harmful substances from the body and initiate the healing signal transduction cascade.
Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is defined as the initial response by the body to irritants, pathogens, and/or damaged cells, recruiting neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages from blood to affected tissue. Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that is a process that recruits other cells such as monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts involved in the pathogen removal and healing process.
Acute inflammation is caused by pathogens, irritants and/or damaged cells. The major cells involved in the acute inflammation process include neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. The primary mediators include vasoactive amines and eicosanoids. The onset of action of acute inflammation is immediate and lasts for approximately a few days. The initiation of acute inflammation leads to healing, abscess formation, and chronic inflammation stimulation.
Chronic inflammation is triggered by acute inflammation due to presence of pathogens, irritants and/or damaged cells and the body’s reaction to these initial triggers. The presence of neutrophils, monocytes, and pathogens as well as other signaling transduction mechanisms trigger chronic inflammation. The major cells involved in the chronic inflammation process include monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. The primary mediators include cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, and hydrolytic enzymes. The onset of action of chronic inflammation is delayed and lasts for approximately several months or years. The initiation of chronic inflammation leads to tissue destruction and fibrosis.
Causes and risk factors
The causes of acute inflammation include presence of irritants, pathogens and/or damaged cells within the body. Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes including vasodilation, increased permeability, and/or reduced blood flow. The signaling cascades involved in acute inflammation include the complement system such as C3, C5a, membrane attack complex and thrombin, kinin system such as bradykinin, coagulation system such as thrombin and fibrinolysis system such as plasmin.
The cause of chronic inflammation is persistent acute inflammation due to bacterial infection, chemical exposure including silica exposure and/or autoimmune reactions as in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or psoriasis.
Symptoms
The symptoms of acute inflammation include swelling of joints and muscles, joint and muscle stiffness, redness, pain, heat and loss of function. Chronic inflammation is sometimes characterized by the same symptoms as acute inflammation. However, fever, chills, fatigue, low energy, headaches, appetite loss and muscle stiffness may characterize chronic inflammation.
Involvement of internal end organ systems may present with symptoms specific to that organ system. Involvement of the cardiovascular system may lead to chest pain, palpitations, hypertension, and/or high cholesterol. Involvement of the respiratory system may lead to asthma and/or allergic reactions. Involvement of the renal system may lead to kidney failure and/or infections. Involvement of the large intestines may lead to ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, diverticulitis, and/or inflammatory bowel disease.
Diagnosis and screening
Inflammatory diseases are diagnosed after careful physical examination and use of diagnostic tools. Practicing clinicians will complete a physical examination and take an individual’s medical history as well as family history of inflammatory disorders. They will examine painful joints, muscles and other organ systems. They will also examine and discuss the presence of other comorbid conditions.
Diagnostic screening tools used include x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, CT scans, as well as other imagining
Inflammation can be classified as either acute or chronic. Acute inflammation is defined as the initial response by the body to irritants, pathogens, and/or damaged cells, recruiting neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages from blood to affected tissue. Chronic inflammation is prolonged inflammation that is a process that recruits other cells such as monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts involved in the pathogen removal and healing process.
Acute inflammation is caused by pathogens, irritants and/or damaged cells. The major cells involved in the acute inflammation process include neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages. The primary mediators include vasoactive amines and eicosanoids. The onset of action of acute inflammation is immediate and lasts for approximately a few days. The initiation of acute inflammation leads to healing, abscess formation, and chronic inflammation stimulation.
Chronic inflammation is triggered by acute inflammation due to presence of pathogens, irritants and/or damaged cells and the body’s reaction to these initial triggers. The presence of neutrophils, monocytes, and pathogens as well as other signaling transduction mechanisms trigger chronic inflammation. The major cells involved in the chronic inflammation process include monocytes, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, and fibroblasts. The primary mediators include cytokines, growth factors, reactive oxygen species, and hydrolytic enzymes. The onset of action of chronic inflammation is delayed and lasts for approximately several months or years. The initiation of chronic inflammation leads to tissue destruction and fibrosis.
Causes and risk factors
The causes of acute inflammation include presence of irritants, pathogens and/or damaged cells within the body. Acute inflammation is characterized by vascular changes including vasodilation, increased permeability, and/or reduced blood flow. The signaling cascades involved in acute inflammation include the complement system such as C3, C5a, membrane attack complex and thrombin, kinin system such as bradykinin, coagulation system such as thrombin and fibrinolysis system such as plasmin.
The cause of chronic inflammation is persistent acute inflammation due to bacterial infection, chemical exposure including silica exposure and/or autoimmune reactions as in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, or psoriasis.
Symptoms
The symptoms of acute inflammation include swelling of joints and muscles, joint and muscle stiffness, redness, pain, heat and loss of function. Chronic inflammation is sometimes characterized by the same symptoms as acute inflammation. However, fever, chills, fatigue, low energy, headaches, appetite loss and muscle stiffness may characterize chronic inflammation.
Involvement of internal end organ systems may present with symptoms specific to that organ system. Involvement of the cardiovascular system may lead to chest pain, palpitations, hypertension, and/or high cholesterol. Involvement of the respiratory system may lead to asthma and/or allergic reactions. Involvement of the renal system may lead to kidney failure and/or infections. Involvement of the large intestines may lead to ulcerative colitis, Crohn disease, diverticulitis, and/or inflammatory bowel disease.
Diagnosis and screening
Inflammatory diseases are diagnosed after careful physical examination and use of diagnostic tools. Practicing clinicians will complete a physical examination and take an individual’s medical history as well as family history of inflammatory disorders. They will examine painful joints, muscles and other organ systems. They will also examine and discuss the presence of other comorbid conditions.
Diagnostic screening tools used include x-rays, magnetic resonance imaging, CT scans, as well as other imagining
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