sense of propriety, dignity, and reverence for tradition. Occasions like this always brought a catch to Pliny’s throat, a bursting pride in the majesty of Rome that was subtly blended with pleasant expectations for his own future—a consulship some day, then governor of a province. Sprung from a line of sober and virtuous northern Italians, Pliny was the first in his family to reach the Senate, and already he had received assurances of the emperor’s favor. And soon dear Calpurnia would give him an heir, a little senator to follow after, and there would be more… The cries of the lictors for silence woke him from his reverie. The temple of Jupiter Best and Greatest rose on gleaming white pillars sixty feet high, topped by a golden roof that flashed in the rising sun. At its foot stood the great altar, a massive block of carved marble, blackened by centuries’ accumulation of burnt offerings.
And now the first ox was led to the altar while a priest intoned archaic prayers in the emperor’s ear and he, with his toga pulled up over his head, repeated them in a ringing voice: “…wherefore, that thou mayest enlarge the dominion of the Roman People, the Quirites, and favor, nurture and strengthen the legions of the Roman People, the Quirites, and preserve, protect and defend the constitution of the Roman People, the Quirites…”
A single omitted word, a mere slip of the tongue, would compel them to stop the ceremony and start again from the beginning. Meanwhile, flute players with bulging cheeks shrilled on their instruments to prevent any ill-omened word from being overheard. A burly victimarius, naked to the waist, swung his hammer, striking the animal between the eyes, then swiftly its neck was stretched over the altar and its throat cut so that the severed jugular spewed hot blood onto the stone. Then the belly was slit open and the Gut-Gazers performed their ancient charade, frowning over the animal’s steaming liver, turning it this way and that, pulling apart the lobes, noting the striations—a map of the heavens written in flesh—searching for the smallest disqualifying blemish. They pronounced it acceptable and the next animal was led up.
Beast followed beast until soon the altar was a dripping mess and round it the officiants stood ankle deep in slippery pools of blood, each animal spilling about two gallons on the ground.
If this was how the ancestral religion worshipped the high gods, there was little here to excite the ordinary man or woman in the Roman street, whose grandparents, very likely, had been brought here in chains from the swamps of Germany or the sewers of Antioch, and few of them bothered to attend. Their religion was something else entirely, a grab-bag of popular deities: Isis, Cybele, Atargitis, and a dozen others, who promised ecstasy, secret knowledge, and a blessed hereafter to their devotees. Their priests and priestesses could be seen on any street corner, jumping up and down in some outlandish eastern garb, clashing cymbals, wailing, some even slashing their arms with scimitars. To a conservative like Pliny these cults were contemptible, disturbing, even frightening—the more so because people of his own class, people who should know better, had begun lately to dabble in them. The Flavian dynasty, it was well known, was devoted to Egyptian Isis. The present emperor’s father, the otherwise sensible Vespasian, had actually performed faith healings in her name, and the young Domitian, at a dangerous moment in the civil war, had been smuggled to safety disguised as one of her priests.
By mid-morning the last animal had been dispatched. A portion of each was burnt on the altar and tasted by the priests. The fat-rich smoke rose up and drifted over the city. The remaining carcasses were already being carted off to the city’s butcher shops for sale as ordinary food. The Roman Games would continue, however, for another fourteen days, beginning with a round of stage plays in all the