The Idea Factory: Bell Labs and the Great Age of American Innovation by Jon Gertner Read Free Book Online

now on display at Alcatel-Lucent headquarters in Murray Hill. Also, the oral histories of Lillian Hoddeson (especially Russell Ohl, Gerald Pearson, Addison White, and John Bardeen) and Harriet Zuckerman’s oral histories of Bardeen, Brattain, and Shockley proved vital, as did the private Bell Labs memos and promotional and explanatory literature published by the Bell System that I reviewed at the AT&T archives.
    20 Interview of Walter Brattain by Alan Holden and W. J. King, 1964, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD; www.aip.org/history/ohilist .
    21 Author interviews; see also Brinkman et al., “A History of the Invention of the Transistor and Where It Will Lead Us.”
    22 Interview of James Fisk by Lillian Hoddeson, June 24, 1976, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD; www.aip.org/history/ohilist .
    23 Shockley, “The Invention of the Transistor—An Example of Creative-Failure Methodology.”
    24 Walter Brattain, interviewed by Harriet Zuckerman, 1964, as part of her larger study of the research careers of Nobel laureates in the sciences, Columbia Oral History Research Office. See Harriet Zuckerman,
Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
(New York: Free Press, 1977), and the enlarged edition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1996). Quoted by permission of Dr. Zuckerman.
    25 Interview of Walter Brattain by Alan Holden and W. J. King, AIP.
    26 Walter Brown, author interview.
    27 William Shockley, “The Invention of the Transistor—An Example of Creative-Failure Methodology,” draft version, July 31, 1973. AT&T archives.
CHAPTER SIX: HOUSE OF MAGIC
    1 William Shockley, “The Invention of the Transistor—An Example of Creative-Failure Methodology,”
Electrochemical Society Proceedings
98, no. 1 (1998).
    2 Interview of Walter Brattain by Alan Holden and W. J. King, 1964, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD; www.aip.org/history/ohilist .
    3 Ibid.
    4 Walter Brattain, interviewed by Harriet Zuckerman, 1964, as part of her larger study of the research careers of Nobel laureates in the sciences, Columbia Oral History Research Office. See Harriet Zuckerman,
Scientific Elite: Nobel Laureates in the United States
(New York: Free Press, 1977), and the enlarged edition (New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press, 1996).
    5 William Keefauver, former Bell Labs patent attorney, author interview.
    6 In Shockley’s recollection, it was Harvey Fletcher, not Ralph Bown, who issued this challenge.
    7 Walter Brattain, interviewed by Harriet Zuckerman, 1964. By permission of Dr. Zuckerman.
    8 Bell Telephone Laboratories, “Memorandum for File: Terminology for Semiconductor Triodes,” May 28, 1948. AT&T archives.
    9 Ralph Bown, “Memorandum to Those Working on Surface States Phenomena,” July 16, 1948. AT&T archives.
    10 Memorandum, “BTL Confidential,” May 27, 1948. AT&T archives.
    11 J. H. Scaff, “The Role of Metallurgy in the Technology of Electronic Materials,”
Metallurgical Transactions
(March 1970).
    12 W. Shockley, letter to Robert Gibney, June 29, 1948. AT&T archives.
    13 “Press Release from Bell Telephone Laboratories: A.M. Papers of Thursday, July 1, 1948.” AT&T archives.
    14 J. Bardeen and W. H. Brattain, “A Semi-Conductor Triode.” AT&T archives.
    15 Quoted in Shirley Thomas,
Men of Space
, vol. 4 (Philadelphia: Chilton Books, 1962), p. 175.
    16 William Shockley, interviewed by John L. Gregory on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the transistor, April 1972.
    17 Shockley, “The Invention of the Transistor—An Example of Creative-Failure Methodology.”
    18 Interview of Walter Brattain by Charles Weiner, May 28, 1974, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD; www.aip.org/history/ohilist .
    19 Shockley, “The Invention of the Transistor—An Example of Creative-Failure Methodology.”
    20 Bell Labs document, March 23, 1953. AT&T