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uterine pathology.
    completely. He claimed that hysteria
    was a lifelong, inherited condition
    AFTER
    and its symptoms were triggered
    1883 Alfred Binet joins
    by shock. In 1882, Charcot stated:
    Charcot at the Salpêtrière
    “In the [hysterical] fit… everything
    Hospital in Paris, and later
    Charcot gave lectures on hysteria
    unfolds according to the rules, which
    at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris.
    writes about Charcot’s use of
    are always the same; they are valid
    He believed hysteria always followed
    hypnotism to treat hysteria.
    for all countries, for all epochs, for all
    ordered, clearly structured phases, and
    1895 Sigmund Freud, a
    races, and are, in short, universal.”
    could be cured by hypnotism.
    former student of Charcot,
    See also: Alfred Binet 50–53 ■ Pierre Janet 54–55 ■ Sigmund Freud 92–99
    publishes Studies on Hysteria.

    PHILOSOPHICAL ROOTS 31
    A PECULIAR
    DESTRUCTION OF THE
    INTERNAL CONNECTIONS
    OF THE PSYCHE
    EMIL KRAEPELIN (1856–1926)

    IN CONTEXT
    APPROACH
    G erman physician Emil second, paranoia, manifests in
    Kraepelin believed that
    patients as a state of fear and
    the origins of most mental
    persecution; they report being
    illnesses are biological, and he is
    “spied upon” or “talked about.” The
    Medical psychiatry
    often regarded as the founder of
    third, hebephrenia, is marked by
    modern medical psychiatry. In his
    incoherent speech, and often by
    BEFORE
    Textbook of Psychiatry , published
    inappropriate emotional reactions
    C.50 BCE Roman poet and
    in 1883, Kraepelin offered a detailed
    and behavior, such as laughing
    philosopher Lucretius uses
    classification of mental illnesses,
    loudly at a sad situation. The fourth
    the term “dementia” to mean
    including “dementia praecox,”
    category, catatonia, is marked by
    “being out of one’s mind.”
    meaning “early dementia,” to
    extremely limited movement and
    1874 Wilhelm Wundt,
    distinguish it from late-onset
    expression, often in the form of
    Kraepelin’s tutor, publishes
    dementia, such as Alzheimer’s.
    either rigidness, such as sitting in
    Principles of Physiological
    the same position for hours, or
    Psychology.
    Schizophrenia
    excessive activity, such as rocking
    In 1893, Kraepelin described
    backward and forward repeatedly.
    AFTER
    dementia praecox, now called
    Kraepelin’s classification still
    1908 Swiss psychiatrist
    schizophrenia, as consisting
    forms the basis of schizophrenia
    Eugen Bleuler coins the term
    “of a series of clinical states
    diagnosis. In addition, postmortem
    “schizophrenia,” from the
    which hold as their common a
    investigations have shown that
    Greek words skhizein ( to split)
    peculiar destruction of the internal
    there are biochemical and structural
    and phren (the mind).
    connections of the psychic
    brain abnormalities, as well as
    personality.” He observed that the
    impairments of brain function, in
    1948 The World Health
    illness, characterized by confusion
    schizophrenia sufferers. Kraepelin’s
    Authority (WHO) includes
    and antisocial behavior, often starts
    belief that a great number of mental
    Kraepelin’s classifications
    in the late teens or early adulthood.
    illnesses are strictly biological in
    of mental illnesses in its
    Kraepelin later divided it into four
    origin exerted a lasting influence
    International Classification
    subcategories. The first, “simple”
    on the field of psychiatry, and many
    of Diseases (ICD).
    dementia, is marked by slow
    mental disorders are still managed
    1950s Chlorpromazine, the
    decline and withdrawal. The
    with medication today. ■
    first antipsychotic drug, is
    See also: Wilhelm Wundt 32–37 ■ R.D. Laing 150–51
    used to treat schizophrenia.

    THE BEGINNINGS OF THE
    MENTAL LIFE DATE FROM THE
    BEGINNINGS

    OF
    WILHELM WUNDT (1832–1920)

    LIFE

    34 WILHELM WUNDT
    IN CONTEXT
    So all psychology
    Consciousness is
    APPROACH
    must begin with
    “inner experience . ”
    Experimental psychology
    self-observation