Undocumented : How Immigration Became Illegal (9780807001684) by Aviva Chomsky Read Free Book Online

upon, 125; impact of INS/ICE raids upon, 134–36, 140; labor shortages, 55, 126–27, 143
    labor recruitment and contracting: for authorized workers, 136, 139; Bracero Program, 11, 55–59, 63, 121–22, 135; forced recruitment of Guatemalan Mayans, 64–66, 68; in H-2 program, 74–76; under IRCA, 123–24; in Mexico, 52–53
    labor unions: AFL-CIO, 13, 15, 191, 197–98; Farm Labor Organizing Committee, 75–76; in-sourcing and avoidance of, 133–34; stance on immigration policies, 12–13, 197–98; United Farm Workers, 12–13, 124–25, 188
    LaBotz, Dan, 76
    La Mesilla Purchase (1853), 49, 182
    landscaping industry, 141–45
    Latin America, US policies in, 186–87
    Latinos: and criminalization of immigration violations, 105; increase in population of, 47–48; mass incarceration of, 15–18; as Secure Communities detainees, 107; undocumented as percentage of, 153; views of employer sanctions, 15–16; as voting bloc, 153, 174, 198, 202.
See also
Central American immigrants; Mexican immigrants and immigration
    “Latino threat narrative,” 101–2
    law enforcement.
See
local law enforcement
    “lawfully present” immigrants, 91, 179
    Leadership Council on Civil Rights, 115–16
    legalization of immigration status: DACA, 90; economic impact of, 149–50; Immigration and Nationality Act (1965), 59–60; industry calls for, 143; IRCA, 61–62, 88, 122–23, 189–92; NACARA, 89; and upward mobility, 127; via reentry through Canada, 46; vs. citizenship, 173.
See also
fraudulent documents;
specific immigration statuses
    legal permanent residents: deportation of, 18, 60, 105, 185; entry through Canada, 46; exclusion from services, 91; fraudulent green cards, 164; origin of status, 59
    literacy requirements, 43, 53
    local law enforcement, 84, 97–98, 110, 195
    Los Angeles, California, 144–46
    Lovell, George, 65, 68
    LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens), 188, 195
    Lutz, Christopher, 65, 68
    Management and Training Corporation (MTC), 109
    Manifest Destiny, 27
    marches for immigrant rights, 171, 196–98
    Margolis, Maxine, 78
    marrying for documents, 94–95
    Martin, Philip, 62, 123, 127
    Martínez, Alma, 188–89
    Martínez, Oscar, 60
    Martínez, Samuel, 78
    Massachusetts, 179
    massacres of migrants, 81
    Massey, Douglas, 48, 61
    Mayan immigrants.
See
Guatemalan immigrants
    McCarran-Walter Act (1952), 114
    meatpacking industry, 118–19, 133–40, 152
    Menchu, Rigoberta, 65–66
    Menendez, Robert, 176
    Meng, Grace, 175
    Menjívar, Cecilia, 89–90, 153
    Mexican American rights organizations, 188–89
    Mexican immigrants and immigration: Bracero Program, 55–59; criminalization of, 15–18, 82; defined as non-white, 34–35; discrimination against, 36; pre-1919 ease of entry, 43; employer sanctions and, 191–92; exemptions from immigration laws, 9–10, 53; importance in American labor market, 113–14, 125; increase in number of, 47–48, 184–85; “Mexican wages,” 54–55, 57, 183; migration patterns, 42, 48–52, 56, 62–63, 123–24, 184; railroads and, 50–52; restrictions on citizenship of, 34; sending communities in Mexico, 52–54; tourist visas, 71–72; US economic crisis and decrease in, 77; and visa quota system, 44, 184; voluntary removal of, 99; as “workers” vs. “immigrants,” 11–12, 50, 183
    Mexican Migration Project, 49
    Mexican National Institute of Migration (INAMI), 79, 82
    Mexico: children deported to, 154–56; company towns in, 54–55; dangers of migration through, 77–82; indigenous people, 7, 48, 63, 123, 188; limits on migration from, 60–61; northern border, 82–83; railroads and migration in, 50–52; southern border control, 78–79
    Michigan, 179
    middle-class American lifestyle, 144–45, 146, 148–51
    Migrant Farmworker Justice Project, 118
    migrants to US, risks faced by, 3–6, 8, 79–82, 158
    migrant workers: culture of migration, 56; ineligibility for DACA, 175; as returning to home country, 49–50; seasonal patterns of migration, 11–12, 42, 118,