Teorías sobre la plusvalía (Tomo IV de El Capital) vol. III by Karl Marx Read Free Book Online Page B

is, indeed, a gift of nature, that men can raise more food than the lowest quantity that they could maintain and keep up the existing population on …» («Observations on certain Verbal Disputes in Political Economy…», Londres, 1821, pp. 74-75)
    101. «… gift of nature…» ( ibidem , p. 75)
    101. «… but “ surplus produce ” (the term used by Mr. Ricardo, p. 93), generally means the excess of the whole price of a thing above that part of it which goes to the labourer who made it; a point, which is settled by human arrangement, and not fixed by nature.» ( ibidem , pp. 74-75)
    101. «When the demand for an article exceeds […] that which is, with reference to the present rate [66] of supply, the effectual demand; and when, consequently, the price has risen, either additions can be made to the rate of supply at the same rate of cost of production as before; in which case they will be made till the article is brought to exchange at the same rate as before with other articles […]: or, 2dly, no possible additions can be made to the former rate of supply: and then the price, which has risen, will not be brought down […], but continue to afford, as Smith says, a greater rent, ot profits, or wages (or all three), to the particular land, capital, or labour, employed in producing the article, […]: or, 3dly, the additions which can be made will require proportionally more land, or capital, or labour, or all three, thin were required for the periodical production of the amount previously supplied. Then the addition will not be made till the demand is strong enough, 1st, to pay this increased price for the addition; 2dly, to pay the same increased price upon the old amount of supply. For the person who has produced the additional quantity will be no more able to get a high price for it, than those who produced the former quantity… There will then be surplus profits in this trade… The surplus profits will be either in the hands of some particular producers only… or, if the additional produce cannot be distinguished from the rest, will be a surplus shared by all… People will give something to belong to a bade in which such surplus profit can be made… What they so give, is rent» ( ibidem , pp. 79-81)
    102. «“Conversion of revenue into capital” is another of these verbal sources of controversy. One man means by it, that the capitalist lays out part of the profits he has made by his capital, in making additions to his capital, instead of spending it for his private use, as he might else have done: another man means by it, that a person lays out as capital something which he never got as profits, or any capital of his own, but received as rent, wages, salary…» ( ibidem , páginas 83-84)
    102. «… another of these verbal sources of controversy. One man means by it […] another man means by it…» ( ibidem , pp. 83-84)
    102. «If the capital employed in cutlery is increased as 100.101, and can only produce an increase of cutlery in the same proportion, the degree in which it will increase the command which its producers have other things in general, no increased production of them having by the supposition taken place, will be [500] in a less proportion ; and this, and not the increase of the quantity of cutlery, constitutes the employers' profits of the increase of their wealth. But if the like addition of one per cent, had been making at the same time to the capitals of all other trades […] and with the like result as to produce , this […] would not follow: for the rate at which each article would exchange with the rest would remain unaltered, and therefore a given portion of each would give the same command as before over the rest.» («An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand and the Necessity of Consumption, lately advocated by Mr. Malthus…», Londres, 1821, p. 9)
    103. «… in a less proportion…» ( ibidem , p. 9)
    104. «On n’achète des produits qu’avec des