views with the goal of independence from colonial Spain. He was still a teenager when he became a founder of
Los caballeros racionales
(âThe Rational Gentlemenâ), a nonviolent branch of the secret society called
Los Soles y Rayos de BolÃvar
(âThe Suns and Rays of BolÃvarâ). Heredia was forced into exile after he was betrayed by a spy. He escaped from Cuba disguised as a sailor, lived in Boston, wrote poetry at Niagara Falls, taught Spanish in New York, and became a diplomat and judge in Mexico. Known as
El homero Cubano
(âThe Cuban Homerâ) or
El cantordel Niágara
(âThe Singer of Niagaraâ), Heredia inspired later generations of Cuban abolitionists and independence advocates.
The following excerpt from the poem
âA Emiliaâ
(âTo Emiliaâ) is representative of Herediaâs work:
Â
. . . bajo el hermoso desnublado cielo
no pude resolverme a ser esclavo,
ni consentir que todo en la natura
fuese noble y feliz, menos el hombre.
. . . under the beautiful clear sky
I could not accept slavery,
nor regard all of nature
as noble and happy, except man.
The Writing of Gertrudis Gómez de Avellaneda
P ROSE :
Â
Excerpts from the abolitionist novel
Sab
:
Â
¿Quién se acordará de tu color al verte amar tanto y sufrir tanto?
Â
Who will remember your color when they see how greatly you love and suffer?
Â
Los hombres dirán que yo he sido infeliz por mi culpa; porque he soñado los bienes que no estaban en mi esfera, porque he querido mirar al sol, como el águila . . . ¿Es culpa mÃa si Dios me ha dotado de un corazón y de un alma?
Â
Men will say it is my own fault that I have been unhappy; because I have dreamed of things beyond my reach, because I have longed to gaze on the sun, like an eagle . . . Is it my fault if God has given me a heart and a soul?
Â
¡Oh! ¡Las mujeres! ¡Pobres y ciegas vÃctimas! Como los esclavos, ellas arrastran pacientemente su cadena y bajan la cabeza bajo el yugo de las leyes humanas.
Â
Oh! Women! Poor blind victims! Like slaves, they stoically drag their chains and lower their heads beneath the yoke of human laws.
Â
P OETRY :
Â
Excerpt from
âLas contradiccionesâ
(Contradictions):
Â
. . . Ni libre soy, ni la prisión me encierra;
Veo sin luz, sin voz hablar ansÃo . . .
Â
Busco el peligro cuando auxilio imploro;
Al sentirme morir me encuentro fuerte . . .
Â
. . . I am neither free, nor locked in prison;
I see without light, without a voice I long to speak . . .
Â
I seek danger while pleading for rescue;
Feeling doomed I discover my strength . . .
Â
Excerpt from
âA mi jilgueroâ
(To My Goldfinch):
Â
Libertad y amor te falta;
¡libertad y amor te doy!
¡Salta, pajarillo, salta,
que no tu tirana soy!
Â
Salida franca,
ya tienes, mira,
goza, respire . . .
libre eres ya.
Â
You lack liberty and love;
I give you liberty and love!
Leap, little bird, leap,
I am not your tyrant!
Â
A clear exit
is yours, look,
enjoy, breathe . . .
you are already free.
Â
Excerpt from
âLa noche de insomnio y el albaâ
(The Night of Insomnia and the Dawn):
Â
Noche
Triste
Viste
Ya,
Aire,
Cielo,
Suelo,
Mar.
Brindándole
Al mundo
Profundo
Solaz,
Derraman
Los sueños
Beleños
De paz.
Â
Sad
Night
Already
Youâve seen
Air,
Sky,
Soil,
Sea.
Offering
To the world
Profound
Solace,
Spilling
Dreams
The potion
Of peace.
Â
Excerpt from
âRomanceâ
(Ballad).
Â
  Â
Canto porque hay en los seres
Sus condiciones precisas:
Corre el agua, vuela el ave,
Silba el viento, y el Sol brilla.
   Canto sin saber yo propia
Lo que el canto significa,
Y si al mundo, que lo escucha,
Asombro o lástima inspira.
Â
   I sing because each being
Has its purpose:
Water flows, birds fly,
Wind whistles, and Sun shines.
    I sing