Divided we Fail by Sarah Garland Read Free Book Online

198; busing and, 20, 129; closing, 86, 194, 198; persistence of, 167, 189; poverty and, 190; reduction, 105; school desegregation and, x, xi, 168–69, 176, 177–78, 183, 191; school segregation and, 77–78; social issues and, 104; summer learning loss and, 188; test scores and, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 121, 177–78; widening, 121
    Advance Program tracks: black communities and, 24, 194–95, 197; creation of, 169; decline, 114; racial disparities in, xi, 114, 131, 139, 160, 161, 166; racial guideline exemption of, 15; traditional schools and, 174.
See also
gifted and talented programs
    affirmative action, 79, 175–76, 182, 191
    affluence and educational opportunity, 101, 114, 121, 128, 176–77, 192, 198.
See also
poverty
    African Americans.
See
black Americans
    African Methodist Episcopal Church, 33
    Afrocentric schools and studies, 22, 26–27, 179
    Ali, Muhammad, 8, 22, 65–66, 69
    Alito, Samuel, 182, 185
    all-black schools: Afrocentric, 22, 26–27, 179; black activists on, 32–33, 115, 163–64, 164–65, 166; closures, x, 50; conditions in, 38, 50, 62–63; numbers of, 55; as product of segregation, 118; test scores and, 169.
See also
black majority schools
    all-white schools, numbers of, 55.
See also
white majority schools
    alternative schools: racial composition of, 20, 124, 130, 160, 188, 192; special education tracks, 15, 161
    American Civil Liberties Union, 158
    American values, 199
    Anchorage (Kentucky) School District, 88, 90
    anti-busing protest.
See
busing
    anti-poverty programs, 194–95
    Atherton High School, 67, 96
    athletic success and school desegregation, 39, 82–83, 95
    Autobiography of Malcolm X
, 72
    Bakke, Allan, 144
    Ballantine, Thomas, 114
    Ballard High School, 103, 112, 127, 138, 162, 164
    Bardstown, Kentucky, 74, 75
    BCC (Black Cultural Center), 22, 179, 189
    Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, 177
    Bittersweet Shopping Center, 22, 93–94
    black achievement: black communities and, 168, 194–95, 197; desegregation and, x, xi, 20, 77–78, 124–25, 126, 127, 128–29, 191; dropout rates and, 102, 114; school funding and, 25, 85–86; social problems and, 26, 104; test scores and, 97–98, 102, 104, 105, 121.
See also
accountability and outcomes; achievement gap
    black activists and activism: anti-busing, 19, 84–85, 88, 91, 94–95, 112, 113; on black majority schools, 124–25, 126–27, 146; on the
Brown
decision, 40, 146–47; on desegregation, xi–xii, 32–33, 42, 49, 83–84, 126–27, 128–29; on education reforms, xii, 101, 104–5, 195–96; on school funding, 85–86; view of school choice, 24.
See also
civil rights movement;
specific activists
    black Americans: middle income, 38, 96–97, 116; school expectations of, ix–x, xii, 49–50, 197; unemployment, 37; view of busing, 85–87, 94–95; view of school desegregation, xi–xii, 23–24, 49–50, 120
    black colleges, 33, 108
    black communities: black identity and, 96, 97, 103, 124–25, 128, 197; student achievement and, 194–95, 197; urban renewal and, 50, 62–65, 67, 188, 196
    Black Cultural Center (BCC), 22, 179, 189
    black educators: accountability systems for, 53, 195–96; decline in, 110; demotion of, 160; layoffs and dismissals, x, 53, 110, 153, 195–96; resignations, 110, 114; teacher desegregation and, 57; teacher pay movement, 42; view of school desegregation, 49–50; in white majority schools, 56
    black flight, 9, 96–97, 103, 116
    black identity: duality of, 96, 147, 197; loss of, 96, 97, 103, 124–25, 128, 197
    black majority schools: as alternative schools, 188; black activist view of, 124–25, 126–27, 146; closure of, 50, 90, 110, 115, 160, 196; control of, 180–81; desegregation-rule exemptions and, 140; educational outcomes and, 161; loss of community and, 103; test scores, 121.
See also
all-black schools; black neighborhood