and
Alexandra were married on 14 November in front of hundreds of
invited guests at the chapel of the Winter Palace.
Alix could not have looked more beautiful or serene that day –
tall and statuesque in her white-and-silver brocade dress, the train
heavily trimmed in ermine and the imperial mantle of cloth of gold
across her shoulders, her lovely figure complemented by her limpid
blue eyes and her wavy reddish gold hair enhanced by the diamond-
encrusted wedding crown. British envoy Lord Carrington was deeply
impressed: ‘She looked the perfection of what one would imagine
an Empress of Russia on her way to the altar would be’, he informed
* All events taking place in Russia prior to February 1918 are given according to the Old Style, Julian calendar then in use there. Where confusion might arise, New Style dates are added in brackets.
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Queen Victoria.43 Other witnesses noted the commanding stature
of the princess alongside her shorter and rather delicate-looking
consort; to all intents and purposes she appeared to be the one with
the physical strength, a woman of considerable presence, ‘much
above the traditional level of Duchy Princesses’.44
There was, however, something about the royal bride’s solemn,
guarded look and the thin tight mouth that told a different story,
of a strong, determined personality fighting a natural, but violent,
antipathy to being on public display after having enjoyed the
domestic privacy of the Hessian court for so long. Alix endured the
ordeal, but at the end of her wedding day, much like her grand-
mother Victoria before her, she retreated to bed early with a head-
ache. For others who had attended the proceedings that day, such
as Princess Radziwill, it had been ‘one of the saddest sights I ever
remember having seen’. So long as the authoritarian Alexander III
had lived the Russian aristocracy had felt safe, but their sense of
security had vanished with his untimely death, and had been replaced
with ‘the feeling of approaching calamity’.45
After a few nights spent in the relatively cramped surroundings
of Nicholas’s bachelor apartments at the Anichkov Palace in St
Petersburg (their own at the Winter Palace still being redecorated)
the newly married couple travelled to the Alexander Palace at
Tsarskoe Selo. They ensconced themselves in the dowager empress’s
apartments in the east wing, where Nicky himself had been born
in 1868, for four blissful days of absolute privacy, ‘hand in hand and heart to heart’, as Nicky told his brother-in-law Ernie.46 Alix had
also written shortly before her wedding assuring Ernie that ‘I am
so happy & never can thank God enough for having given me such
a treasure as my Nicky’.47 The obscure and serious-minded Alix of
Hesse, whom even her own grandmother had described as ‘ein
kleines deutsches Prinzesschen with no knowledge of anything
beyond small German courts’, had won for herself not only one of
the greatest royal catches but the richest man in the world.48
But in leaving Darmstadt prematurely the new tsaritsa had arrived
in Russia ignorant of its customs and profound superstitions, with
a limited knowledge of its language and having made the enormous
leap of faith from the militant austerity of her devout Lutheranism
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to the mystical and opulent rituals of Russian Orthodoxy. The
cultural divide was enormous. Princess Alix of Hesse encountered
the same problems – on a much grander scale – that her mother
before her had first met in Darmstadt, and – for that matter – her
grandfather Prince Albert, who as a homesick Coburger had arrived
in an alien English court fifty-four years before. Alix’s adoptive
country was as wary of her as a German and an interloper – the
fifth princess of German blood to become a Russian empress in
barely a century – as England had